Struggling with intermittent fasting after 50? These five protein-packed meal prep ideas ensure you get the crucial 25-30g protein per meal needed to maintain muscle mass. From Mediterranean Protein Bowls to Slow-Cooker Stews, each framework can be customized for dietary concerns while optimizing your eating window with fiber-rich foods.
Key Takeaways
- Adults over 50 need 25-30g of protein per meal to maintain muscle mass while practicing intermittent fasting
- Proper meal prep can maximize nutritional benefits during your eating windows on 16:8, 18:6, or 5:2 fasting protocols
- Mediterranean Protein Bowls and Slow-Cooker Stews offer complete nutrition with minimal prep time
- Each meal framework can be customized for dietary needs like GERD, low-FODMAP, or kidney concerns
- Optimizing your eating window with high-fiber foods helps stabilize blood sugar during fasting periods
Use our interactive calculator below to determine your exact protein requirements and optimal meal timing based on your weight and chosen fasting protocol. Get personalized recommendations in seconds!
đ§ź IF Meal Prep Calculator
Calculate your protein needs and plan your intermittent fasting meals
đŻ Your Protein Requirements
đ Your Fasting Schedule
đĄ Pro Tips:
- Aim for 25-30g protein per meal to maintain muscle mass
- Include fiber-rich foods to stabilize blood sugar
- Prep meals in advance for consistent nutrition
- Stay hydrated during fasting periods
đœïž 5 Proven Meal Frameworks
Now that you know your protein targets, it's time to implement the 5 meal prep frameworks that make hitting these numbers effortless. Each framework is designed specifically for adults over 50 and costs just $1.50-6 per serving.
Next step: Choose one framework from the article above and start with a simple 3-day meal prep this weekend. Your future self will thank you! đȘ
How Protein-Rich Meal Prep Boosts Intermittent Fasting Results After 50
Intermittent fasting isn't just about when you eatâit's about optimizing what you eat during your feeding windows. For adults over 50, this becomes even more crucial as our bodies' nutritional needs shift. I've found that strategic meal preparation makes intermittent fasting both sustainable and beneficial for long-term health.
As we age, our bodies become less efficient at processing protein, a phenomenon known as anabolic resistance. That's why nutritional experts at Healthfit Publishing recommend focusing on protein-rich meals that support muscle maintenance while fasting. Their research shows that proper meal prep can be the difference between simply restricting calories and actually improving metabolic health.
Why Adults Over 50 Need to Prioritize Protein and Fiber During Fasting
The 25-30g protein threshold for preserving muscle mass during IF
As we cross the 50-year mark, our bodies require more protein to maintain the same muscle mass. Research indicates adults over 50 need between 1.0-1.3g of protein per kilogram of body weight dailyâsignificantly more than younger adults. This increased requirement becomes even more important when practicing intermittent fasting.
When you limit your eating window to 8 hours (as in the popular 16:8 method) or practice alternate-day fasting, each meal needs to work harder nutritionally. The magic number appears to be 25-30g of high-quality protein per meal to maximize muscle protein synthesis. Without hitting this threshold, you risk losing valuable muscle mass even while losing fat.
Meal prepping allows you to carefully plan each meal to meet this crucial protein target, ensuring you preserve lean tissue while enjoying the metabolic benefits of fasting.
How fiber stabilizes blood sugar and supports digestive health in fasting windows
While protein gets much of the attention, fiber plays an equally important role for adults over 50 practicing intermittent fasting. The recommended daily fiber intakeâ21g for women and 30g for men over 50âhelps regulate blood sugar levels during both eating and fasting windows.
Fiber slows the absorption of nutrients, preventing the blood sugar spikes and crashes that can make fasting periods uncomfortable. It also promotes digestive health, which can become more challenging as we age. A fiber-rich diet supports gut microbiome diversity, enhances satiety during eating windows, and helps maintain regular eliminationâall critical factors for successful intermittent fasting.
The meal prep frameworks I'll share prioritize both soluble and insoluble fiber, providing comprehensive digestive support during your eating windows.
Research-backed benefits of IF for metabolic health in older adults
The evidence supporting intermittent fasting for adults over 50 continues to grow. Studies show that properly implemented IF can improve metabolic balance by reducing inflammation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and promoting cellular repair mechanisms.
For adults over 50, intermittent fasting shows particular promise for improving metabolic health markers. Research indicates that IF can help reduce visceral fatâthe dangerous fat that surrounds organs and increases inflammationâwhile preserving muscle mass when combined with adequate protein intake.
The key is ensuring that what you eat during your feeding window delivers maximum nutritional value. This is where strategic meal preparation becomes essential for fasting success.
5 Nutrient-Optimized Meal Frameworks Anyone Can Make
1. Mediterranean Protein Bowls: One-Pot Complete Nutrition
Mediterranean Protein Bowls balance flavor and function perfectly. With lean protein, fiber-rich vegetables, and heart-healthy fats, these bowls deliver an ideal nutritional profile for intermittent fasting success. Each serving provides 25-30g of protein, helping you meet that crucial threshold for muscle maintenance.
Base Recipe:
- 2 pounds of protein (chicken thighs, salmon, or tofu)
- 2 cups of whole grains (quinoa, farro, or brown rice)
- 4 cups of roasted vegetables (bell peppers, zucchini, eggplant)
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- Fresh herbs (basil, oregano, parsley)
- Lemon juice
Preparation Method:
- Marinate protein in olive oil, lemon juice, and herbs
- Roast protein and vegetables on sheet pans at 400°F
- Cook grains according to package directions
- Portion into containers with protein, grains, and vegetables
This framework yields 6-8 meals that store beautifully in the refrigerator for 3-4 days or freeze for up to 2 months. The cost per serving ranges from $3-5 depending on your protein choice, with chicken being the most economical option.
Dietary Adaptations: For GERD-friendly versions, limit acidic ingredients like lemon and tomatoes. For low-FODMAP, skip onions and garlic, using garlic-infused oil instead. Those with kidney concerns can reduce potassium by limiting tomatoes and using less beans.
2. Slow-Cooker Stews: Set-and-Forget Comfort Food
Slow-cooker stews work perfectly for adults over 50 practicing intermittent fasting because they're incredibly tender, easy to digest, and packed with protein and fiber. Each serving delivers approximately 30-35g of protein while the long cooking process breaks down tough proteins and makes nutrients more bioavailable.
Base Recipe:
- 2-3 pounds of protein (beef chuck, chicken thighs, or white beans)
- 4 cups of mixed vegetables (carrots, celery, onions, potatoes)
- 2 cups additional fiber boosters (lentils, beans, or barley)
- 4 cups low-sodium broth
- Herbs and spices (bay leaves, thyme, rosemary)
Preparation Method:
- Brown protein (if using meat) in a skillet for added flavor
- Add all ingredients to a slow cooker
- Cook on low for 6-8 hours or high for 3-4 hours
- Portion into individual containers once cooled
This framework creates 8-10 hearty meals that refrigerate well for 4 days and freeze beautifully for up to 3 months. The cost per serving is approximately $2-4, making it one of the most budget-friendly options.
Dietary Adaptations: For GERD-friendly versions, skip tomato-based broths and acidic ingredients. For low-FODMAP, omit onions and garlic, using carrot and celery as your aromatics instead. Those on low-potassium diets should limit beans and certain vegetables like potatoes.
3. Sheet Pan Egg Bakes: Protein-Packed Morning Options
Sheet Pan Egg Bakes are a morning meal prep miracle, delivering 18-25g of protein per serving to start your eating window right. These versatile bakes combine eggs with vegetables and optional meat for a complete nutritional profile.
Base Recipe:
- 12 large eggs
- 1 cup milk or non-dairy alternative
- 3 cups mixed vegetables (spinach, bell peppers, mushrooms)
- Optional: 1 cup cooked meat (turkey sausage, ham) or beans
- 1/2 cup cheese (optional)
- Herbs and spices to taste
Preparation Method:
- Whisk eggs and milk with seasonings
- Spread vegetables and optional protein in a greased baking dish
- Pour egg mixture over top
- Bake at 375°F for 25-30 minutes until set
- Cool and cut into portions
This framework yields 6-8 servings that keep in the refrigerator for up to 5 days. Unlike many meal prep options, these don't freeze particularly well, so they're best for your immediate weekly menu. The cost per serving is approximately $1.50-3, depending on your add-ins.
Dietary Adaptations: For GERD-friendly versions, limit spicy ingredients and acidic vegetables like tomatoes. For low-FODMAP, avoid onions and garlic, focusing on bell peppers and spinach instead. For lower sodium needs, skip the added salt and use fresh herbs for flavor.
4. Asian-Inspired Anti-Inflammatory Bowls
Asian-Inspired Bowls incorporate anti-inflammatory ingredients like ginger, garlic, and turmeric to reduce systemic inflammationâa key benefit that complements intermittent fasting's effects. Each serving provides 25-28g of protein alongside antioxidant-rich vegetables.
Base Recipe:
- 2 pounds of protein (salmon, tofu, or chicken breast)
- 2 cups uncooked brown rice or quinoa
- 4 cups colorful vegetables (broccoli, snap peas, carrots, red cabbage)
- Sauce: ginger, garlic, low-sodium tamari, rice vinegar, sesame oil
- Optional toppings: sesame seeds, green onions, cilantro
Preparation Method:
- Cook grain according to package directions
- Steam or stir-fry vegetables until tender-crisp
- Cook protein separately with a portion of the sauce
- Assemble bowls with grain base, vegetables, and protein
- Store sauce separately to add when reheating
This framework creates 6-8 meals that store well for 3-4 days in the refrigerator and up to 2 months in the freezer. The cost per serving ranges from $3-6, with fish options being the most expensive.
Dietary Adaptations: For low-FODMAP adaptations, use garlic-infused oil instead of garlic cloves and limit onion quantities. For GERD-friendly versions, reduce or eliminate ginger and spicy elements. Those with kidney concerns should be mindful of soy sauce sodium content.
5. Budget-Friendly Lentil Curry With Complete Protein
Lentil Curry offers a plant-forward option that's exceptionally economical while delivering approximately 18-22g of protein per serving. When paired with brown rice or quinoa, you get a complete protein profile necessary for muscle maintenance during intermittent fasting.
Base Recipe:
- 2 cups dried red or brown lentils
- 1 cup brown rice or quinoa (cooked separately)
- 4 cups mixed vegetables (cauliflower, spinach, carrots, tomatoes)
- 1 can coconut milk (optional)
- Spices: turmeric, cumin, coriander, ginger
- Fresh herbs for serving
Preparation Method:
- Rinse lentils thoroughly
- Sauté aromatic vegetables and spices
- Add lentils and liquid (water or broth)
- Simmer until lentils are tender, about 20-25 minutes
- Add remaining vegetables and cook until tender
This framework makes 6-8 generously sized portions that keep well for 4 days in the refrigerator and up to 3 months in the freezer. The cost per serving is remarkably low at $1.50-3, making it the most budget-friendly option.
Dietary Adaptations: For GERD-friendly versions, reduce spices and omit tomatoes. For low-FODMAP, limit onion and garlic, using the green parts of scallions instead. For kidney concerns, be mindful that lentils are high in potassium and may need to be consumed in smaller portions.
Practical Implementation for Your Fasting Schedule
7-day meal rotation for 16:8 and 18:6 protocols
The key to successful intermittent fasting lies in strategic meal timing. For popular protocols like 16:8 (16 hours fasting, 8 hours eating) or the more restrictive 18:6, your meal prep needs to align with your eating window.
Here's a simple 7-day meal rotation that works well for either protocol:
For 16:8 with eating window from 12pm-8pm:
- First meal (12pm): Sheet Pan Egg Bake with side of fruit
- Second meal (4pm): Mediterranean Protein Bowl
- Final meal (7:30pm): Asian-Inspired Bowl or Lentil Curry
For 18:6 with eating window from 2pm-8pm:
- First meal (2pm): Substantial protein serving from Slow-Cooker Stew
- Second meal (7pm): Mediterranean Bowl or Asian-Inspired Bowl
This rotation ensures you're getting adequate protein throughout your eating window while maintaining variety in your diet. By batch-prepping 2-3 different meal frameworks each week, you'll have plenty of options to rotate through your eating schedule.
How to adapt meal timing for morning vs. evening eating windows
Your natural circadian rhythm and lifestyle will determine whether a morning or evening eating window works better for you. Here's how to adapt your meal prep for either schedule:
Morning Window (8am-4pm):
- Break fast with protein-rich Sheet Pan Egg Bake
- Mid-window meal featuring Mediterranean Bowl
- Final meal should be substantial (Slow-Cooker Stew) to sustain through overnight fast
Evening Window (12pm-8pm or 2pm-8pm):
- Break fast with something gentle yet protein-rich
- Include carbohydrates in mid-window to fuel afternoon activities
- Final meal should be satiating but not too heavy (Asian Bowls or Lentil Curry)
No-reheat options for busy days and travel
Not every meal can be enjoyed at home with full reheating capabilities. For days on the go, these no-reheat options work beautifully:
- Mediterranean Protein Bowls can be enjoyed cold, similar to a salad
- Sheet Pan Egg Bakes taste great at room temperature
- Asian-Inspired Bowls with cold noodles instead of rice
- Lentil Curry can be rolled into whole grain wraps for portable meals
These options are perfect for office lunches, travel days, or times when microwave access is limited. Simply pack in insulated containers with ice packs to maintain food safety.
Storage guidelines for maximum freshness (3-4 days refrigerated, 2-3 months frozen)
Proper storage is crucial for meal prep success, especially when you're preparing multiple meals at once. Follow these guidelines:
Refrigeration (3-4 days):
- Use glass containers with airtight lids
- Cool foods completely before refrigerating
- Store different components separately when possible
- Keep refrigerator temperature below 40°F
Freezing (2-3 months):
- Use freezer-safe containers or heavy-duty freezer bags
- Remove as much air as possible before sealing
- Label with contents and date
- Freeze in individual portions for easier defrosting
For maximum quality and safety, consume refrigerated meals within 4 days and frozen meals within 3 months. When reheating, ensure foods reach 165°F internal temperature for safety.
Create Meals for $2-6 Per Serving With These Strategies
Frugal vs. premium ingredient options for each framework
One benefit of meal prepping for intermittent fasting is the potential for cost savings. Each of our five meal frameworks can be prepared at various price points without sacrificing nutritional quality.
Mediterranean Protein Bowls:
- Frugal tier ($2-3/serving): Use chicken thighs instead of breast meat, frozen vegetables, and bulk-purchased grains. Season with dried herbs instead of fresh.
- Premium tier ($5-6/serving): Incorporate wild-caught salmon, organic fresh vegetables, and specialty grains like farro or freekeh. Finish with premium olive oil and fresh herbs.
Slow-Cooker Stews:
- Frugal tier ($2/serving): Use tougher cuts of meat like chuck or stew meat, which become tender in the slow cooker. Incorporate dried beans instead of canned and seasonal root vegetables.
- Premium tier ($4/serving): Choose grass-fed beef or organic chicken, add a splash of quality wine for deglazing, and incorporate specialty mushrooms for umami flavor.
Sheet Pan Egg Bakes:
- Frugal tier ($1.50/serving): Use conventional eggs, frozen spinach, and seasonal vegetables. Skip cheese or use a smaller amount of sharp cheese for more flavor impact.
- Premium tier ($3/serving): Select pasture-raised eggs, organic vegetables, and specialty cheeses like goat cheese or aged cheddar.
Asian-Inspired Bowls:
- Frugal tier ($2.50/serving): Use tofu as your protein, conventional produce, and basic brown rice. Make your own sauce from pantry staples.
- Premium tier ($6/serving): Feature wild-caught salmon or organic chicken, premium rice varieties, and organic vegetables. Add specialty ingredients like water chestnuts or bamboo shoots.
Lentil Curry:
- Frugal tier ($1.50/serving): Use basic red lentils, frozen vegetables, and conventional spices.
- Premium tier ($3/serving): Include specialty lentil varieties, organic vegetables, and premium coconut milk. Finish with fresh herbs and a dollop of Greek yogurt.
The beauty of these frameworks is their flexibilityâyou can mix premium proteins with budget-friendly vegetables or splurge on quality spices while economizing on grains. This approach allows you to maximize nutrition within your personal budget constraints.
Complete shopping lists organized by meal type
Mediterranean Protein Bowl Shopping List:
- Proteins: 2 lbs chicken thighs/salmon/tofu
- Grains: 2 cups quinoa/brown rice/farro
- Vegetables: 2 bell peppers, 2 zucchini, 1 eggplant, 1 red onion
- Pantry: Olive oil, lemon, dried oregano, basil, garlic
- Optional: Olives, feta cheese, sun-dried tomatoes
Slow-Cooker Stew Shopping List:
- Proteins: 2-3 lbs beef chuck/chicken thighs/beans
- Vegetables: 4 carrots, 4 celery stalks, 2 onions, 2 potatoes
- Pantry: Low-sodium broth, bay leaves, thyme, rosemary
- Optional: Barley, white beans, peas
Sheet Pan Egg Bake Shopping List:
- Proteins: 12 eggs, optional 1 lb breakfast sausage/ham
- Dairy: 1 cup milk or alternative, 1/2 cup cheese (optional)
- Vegetables: 2 cups spinach, 1 bell pepper, 8 oz mushrooms
- Pantry: Olive oil, salt, pepper, paprika
- Optional: Fresh herbs, hot sauce
Asian-Inspired Bowl Shopping List:
- Proteins: 2 lbs salmon/tofu/chicken breast
- Grains: 2 cups brown rice/quinoa
- Vegetables: 1 broccoli head, 2 carrots, 1 cup snap peas, 1 red cabbage
- Pantry: Low-sodium tamari/soy sauce, rice vinegar, sesame oil, ginger, garlic
- Optional: Sesame seeds, green onions, cilantro
Lentil Curry Shopping List:
- Proteins: 2 cups dried red/brown lentils
- Grains: 1 cup brown rice/quinoa
- Vegetables: 1 cauliflower head, 2 cups spinach, 2 carrots, 2 tomatoes
- Pantry: Coconut milk, turmeric, cumin, coriander, ginger
- Optional: Fresh cilantro, Greek yogurt
Essential pantry staples that support all five frameworks
Stocking your kitchen with versatile staples will make intermittent fasting meal prep much more efficient. These items form the foundation of all five frameworks and allow for countless variations:
Grains and Legumes:
- Brown rice
- Quinoa
- Dried lentils (red and green/brown)
- Dried or canned beans (chickpeas, black beans, white beans)
- Rolled oats
Oils and Vinegars:
- Extra virgin olive oil
- Sesame oil
- Rice vinegar
- Balsamic vinegar
Herbs and Spices:
- Salt and pepper
- Turmeric
- Cumin
- Dried oregano
- Paprika
- Bay leaves
- Cinnamon
Pantry Proteins:
- Canned tuna or salmon
- Eggs
- Nuts and seeds (almonds, walnuts, chia, flax)
Shelf-Stable Liquids:
- Low-sodium broths (vegetable and chicken)
- Coconut milk
- Low-sodium tamari or soy sauce
Freezer Staples:
- Frozen spinach
- Frozen mixed vegetables
- Frozen berries
With these essentials on hand, you can easily adapt any of the meal frameworks based on what fresh ingredients you have available. This approach minimizes food waste and provides maximum flexibility for your intermittent fasting meal plan.
Adapting These Meals for Common Health Conditions
GERD-friendly modifications (lower acid, milder spices)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects many adults over 50, making certain foods uncomfortable or triggering. Fortunately, all five meal frameworks can be modified to accommodate GERD without sacrificing flavor or nutritional value.
Key Principles for GERD-Friendly Adaptations:
- Reduce or eliminate acidic ingredients (citrus, tomatoes, vinegar)
- Avoid spicy components (hot peppers, black pepper, cayenne)
- Limit high-fat additions (full-fat dairy, fatty cuts of meat)
- Incorporate more alkaline foods (bananas, melons, fennel, oatmeal)
Framework-Specific Modifications:
- Mediterranean Bowls: Skip the lemon juice and tomatoes; use herbs like oregano, basil, and parsley for flavor instead. Choose lean proteins and limit olive oil to 1 tablespoon per serving.
- Slow-Cooker Stews: Use broth-based (not tomato-based) recipes. Season with herbs rather than spices. Ensure meat is lean and trim visible fat before cooking.
- Sheet Pan Egg Bakes: Use egg whites or a mix with fewer yolks to reduce fat content. Incorporate gentle vegetables like spinach and zucchini rather than bell peppers or onions.
- Asian-Inspired Bowls: Eliminate garlic and reduce ginger; use mild herbs instead. Replace vinegar with a small amount of low-acid apple juice as a flavor enhancer.
- Lentil Curry: Reduce spice levels significantly, focusing on turmeric and a small amount of coriander. Skip tomatoes and use coconut milk for creaminess and flavor.
Low-FODMAP adaptations for digestive health (specific ingredient swaps)
For those with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or FODMAP sensitivities, certain carbohydrates can trigger digestive distress. Following a low-FODMAP approach may help manage symptoms while maintaining nutritional adequacy during intermittent fasting.
Key Principles for Low-FODMAP Adaptations:
- Avoid high-FODMAP foods (garlic, onions, wheat, certain fruits and vegetables)
- Focus on allowed vegetables (carrots, cucumbers, bell peppers, spinach)
- Choose suitable protein sources (eggs, tofu, most meats and fish)
- Limit portion sizes of moderate-FODMAP foods
Framework-Specific Modifications:
- Mediterranean Bowls: Replace onions with chives or the green parts of scallions. Use garlic-infused oil instead of garlic cloves. Limit portion size of avocado if included.
- Slow-Cooker Stews: Skip onions and garlic; use leek tops (green parts only) for flavor. Ensure any broth used is onion/garlic-free. Limit mushrooms and use permitted vegetables like carrots and parsnips.
- Sheet Pan Egg Bakes: Avoid onions, garlic, and mushrooms. Focus on spinach, bell peppers, and herbs for flavor. Use lactose-free milk or a suitable plant alternative.
- Asian-Inspired Bowls: Use garlic-infused oil instead of garlic cloves. Replace soy sauce with tamari (gluten-free). Include ginger for flavor but skip onions and limit portion sizes of cauliflower or broccoli.
- Lentil Curry: Use canned lentils (rinsed well) in smaller portions as they're lower in FODMAPs than dried. Skip garlic and onions, using ginger and permitted spices for flavor.
Lower-potassium options for kidney concerns (vegetable and protein substitutions)
Adults with kidney issues often need to monitor potassium intake. These adaptations help keep potassium levels in check while maintaining adequate nutrition during intermittent fasting.
Key Principles for Lower-Potassium Adaptations:
- Limit high-potassium foods (bananas, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, beans, lentils)
- Choose lower-potassium alternatives (apples, carrots, green beans, rice)
- Use cooking techniques that reduce potassium (boiling vegetables and discarding the water)
- Control portion sizes of moderate-potassium foods
Framework-Specific Modifications:
- Mediterranean Bowls: Replace higher-potassium vegetables (eggplant) with lower options like zucchini and bell peppers. Choose white rice instead of brown. Limit tomatoes or replace with red bell peppers.
- Slow-Cooker Stews: Avoid potatoes, use turnips or cabbage instead. Pre-boil carrots and discard the water before adding to the stew. Limit beans and lentils or reduce portion size.
- Sheet Pan Egg Bakes: Use egg whites instead of whole eggs to reduce potassium. Choose lower-potassium vegetables like bell peppers and onions rather than spinach or tomatoes.
- Asian-Inspired Bowls: Use white rice instead of brown. Choose lower-potassium vegetables like bok choy, cabbage, and snow peas instead of broccoli. Limit portion size of tofu if used.
- Lentil Curry: This framework is naturally higher in potassium from the lentils. Consider replacing some or all lentils with white rice and adding a moderate amount of chicken for protein. Use cauliflower instead of spinach.
Start Today: Your Complete Guide to Batch Cooking for Intermittent Fasting Success
Intermittent fasting success after 50 depends largely on what you eat during your feeding windows. The five meal frameworks outlined here provide optimal nutrition while respecting your time, budget, and dietary needs. By preparing nutritious, protein-rich meals in advance, you'll eliminate the stress of daily food decisions and set yourself up for long-term success.
Start small by choosing just one framework that appeals to you this week. Gradually incorporate more variety as you become comfortable with the meal prep process. Consistency matters more than perfectionâeven prepping just a few meals each week can significantly improve your nutritional intake and support your intermittent fasting goals.
With these practical frameworks, you now have all the tools you need to nourish your body properly while enjoying the many benefits of intermittent fasting. Your future self will thank you for the investment in your health and well-being.
For more detailed guidance on nutrition for intermittent fasting and additional recipes tailored specifically for adults over 50, check out the resources available from Healthfit Publishing.